Corrections (Errata): If authors or editors identify an error in a published article that affects its factual accuracy or data (but not the overall validity of conclusions), a formal correction will be issued. The correction (erratum or corrigendum) will clearly specify the changes and be linked to the original article. Corrections are made promptly and transparently to maintain the integrity of the record.
Retractions: In cases of serious problems—such as proven data fabrication, major ethical violations, or invalidating flaws—the journal will retract the article. Retracted articles remain in the archive but are marked as retracted with an explanation. We follow COPE guidelines: a retraction notice is published that details the reason (e.g. plagiarism, falsified data) and is linked to the article. The combination of the retraction notice and the original article remains part of the public record. Retraction decisions are made by the editor in consultation with the publisher and authors when appropriate. Authors will be informed of the issues and given a chance to respond before final action.